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$Title{Genghis Khan
Chapter XXII: Victorious Campaigns}
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Title:       Genghis Khan
Author:      Abbott, Jacob

Chapter XXII: Victorious Campaigns

     After this Genghis Khan went on successfully for several years, extending
his conquests over all the western part of Central Asia, while the generals
whom he had left at home were extending his dominions in the same manner in
the eastern portion.  He overran nearly all of Persia, went entirely around
the Caspian Sea, and even approached the confines of India.

     In this expedition toward India he was in pursuit of Jalaloddin.
Immediately after the death of his father, Jalaloddin had done all in his
power to raise an army and carry on the war against Genghis Khan.  He met with
a great deal of embarrassment and difficulty at first, on account of the plots
and conspiracies which his grandmother had organized in favor of his brother
Kothboddin, and the dissensions among his people to which they gave rise.  At
last, in the course of a year, he succeeded, in some measure, in healing this
breach and in raising an army; and, though he was not strong enough to fight
the Monguls in a general battle, he hung about them in their march and
harassed them in various ways, so as to impede their operations very
essentially.  Genghis Khan from time to time sent off detachments from his
army to take him.  He was often defeated in the engagements which ensued, but
he always succeeded in saving himself and in keeping together a portion of his
men, and thus he maintained himself in the field, though he was growing weaker
and weaker all the time.

     At last he became completely discouraged, and, after signal defeat which
he met with from a detachment which had been sent against him by Genghis Khan,
he went, with the few troops that remained together, to a strong fortress
among the mountains, and told the governor that it seemed to him useless to
continue the struggle any longer, and that he had come to shut himself up in
the fortress, and abandon the contest in despair.

     The governor, however, told him that it was not right for a prince, the
descendant of ancestors so illustrious as his, and the inheritor of so
resplendent a crown, to yield to discouragement and despondency on account of
the reverses of fortune.  He advised him again to take the field, and to raise
a new army, and continue the contest to the end.

     Jalaloddin determined to follow this advice, and, after a brief period of
repose at the castle, he again took the field.

     He made great exertions, and finally succeeded in getting together about
twenty thousand men.  This was a small force, it is true, compared with the
numbers of the enemy; but it was sufficient, if well managed, to enable the
prince to undertake operations of considerable importance, and Jalaloddin
began to feel somewhat encouraged again.  With his twenty thousand men he
gained one or two victories too, which encouraged him still more.  In one of
these cases he defeated rather a singular stratagem which the Mongul general
contrived.  It seems that the Mongul detachment which was sent out in this
instance against Jalaloddin was not strong enough, and the general, in order
to make Jalaloddin believe that his force was greater than it really was,
ordered all the felt caps and cloaks that there were in the army to be stuffed
with straw, and placed on the horses and camels of the baggage, in order to
give the appearance of a second line of reserve in the rear of the line of
real soldiers.  This was to induce Jalaloddin to surrender without fighting.

     But in some way or other Jalaloddin detected the deceit, and, instead of
surrendering, fought the Monguls with great vigor, and defeated them.  He
gained a very decided victory, and perhaps this might have been the beginning
of a change of fortune for him if, unfortunately, his generals had not
quarreled about the division of the spoil.  There was a beautiful Arabian
horse which two of his leading generals desired to possess, and each claimed
it.  The dispute became, at last, so violent that one of the generals struck
the other in his face with the lash of his whip.  Upon this the feud became a
deadly one.  Both parties appealed to Jalaloddin.  He did not wish to make
either general an enemy by deciding in favor of the other, and so he tried to
compromise the matter.  He did not succeed in doing this; and one of the
generals, mortally offended, went off in the night, taking with him all that
portion of the troops which was under his command.

     Jalaloddin did every thing in his power to bring the disaffected general
back again; but, before he could accomplish this purpose, Genghis Khan came up
with a large force between the two parties, and prevented their effecting a
junction.

     Jalaloddin had now no alternative but to retreat.  Genghis Khan followed
him, and it was in this way that, after a time, both the armies reached the
banks of the Indus, on the borders of India.

     Jalaloddin, being closely pursued, took his position in a narrow defile
near the bank of the river, and here a great battle was fought among the rocks
and precipices.  Jalaloddin, it is said, had only thirty thousand men at his
command, while Genghis Khan was at the head of an army of three hundred
thousand.  The numbers in both cases are probably greatly exaggerated, but the
proportion may perhaps be true.

     It was only a small portion of the Mongul army that could get into the
defile where the sultan's troops had posted themselves; and so desperately did
the latter fight, that it is said they killed twenty thousand of the Monguls
before they gave in.  In fact, they fought like wild beasts, with desperate
and unremitting fury, all day long.  Toward night it became evident to
Jalaloddin that it was all over with him.  A large portion of his followers
were killed.  Some had made their escape across the river, though many of
those who sought to do so were drowned in the attempt.  The rest of his men
were completely exhausted and discouraged, and wholly unable to renew the
contest on the following day.

     Jalaloddin had exposed himself very freely in the fight, in hopes,
perhaps, that he should be killed.  But Genghis Khan had given positive orders
that he should be taken alive.  He had even appointed two of his generals to
watch carefully, and to see that no person should, under any circumstances,
kill him.  He wished to take him alive, in order to lead him through the
country a prisoner, and exhibit him to his former subjects as a trophy of his
victory, just as he had done and was still doing with the old queen Khatun,
his grandmother.

     But Jalaloddin was determined that his conqueror should not enjoy this
pleasure.  He resolved to attempt to save himself by swimming the river.  He
accordingly went first, breathless, and covered with dust and blood from the
fight, to take a hurried leave of his mother, his wives, and his children,
who, as was customary in those countries and times, had accompanied him in his
campaign.  He found them in his tent, full of anxiety and terror.  He took
leave of them with much sorrow and many tears, trying to comfort them with the
hope that they should meet again in happier times.  Then he took off his armor
and his arms, in order that he might not be impeded in crossing the river,
reserving, however, his sword and bow, and a quiver full of arrows. He then
mounted a fresh horse and rode toward the river.

     When he reached the bank of the river, the horse found the current so
rapid and the agitation of the water so great that he was very unwilling to
advance; but Jalaloddin spurred him in.  Indeed, there was no time to be lost;
for scarcely had he reached the shore when Genghis Khan himself, and a party
of Monguls, appeared in view, advancing to seize him.  They stopped on the
bank when they saw Jalaloddin ride into the water among the rocks and
whirlpools.  They did not dare to follow him, but they remained at the
water-side to see how his perilous adventure would end.

     As soon as Jalaloddin found that he was out of their reach, he stopped at
a place where his horse found a foothold, and turned round toward his pursuers
with looks of hatred and defiance.  He then drew his bow, and began to shoot
at them with his arrows, and he continued to shoot untileall the arrows in his
quiver were exhausted.  Some of the more daring of the Monguls proposed to
Genghis Khan that they should swim out and try to take him.  But Genghis Khan
would not allow them to go.  He said the attempt would be useless.

     "You can do nothing at all with him," said he.  "A man of such cool and
determined bravery as that will defy and defeat all your attempts.  Any father
might be proud to have such a son, and any son proud to be descended from such
a father."

     When his arrows were all expended, Jalaloddin took to the river again;
and his horse, after a series of most desperate struggles among the whirlpools
and eddies, and the boiling surges which swept around the rocks, succeeded at
length in carrying his master over.  The progress of the horse was watched
with great interest by Genghis Khan and his party from the shore as long as
they could see him.

     As soon as Jalaloddin landed, and had recovered a little from the fatigue
and excitement of the passage, he began to look around him, and to consider
what was next to be done.  He found himself entirely alone, in a wild and
solitary place, which he had reason to fear was infested with tigers and other
ferocious beasts of prey, such as haunt the jungles in India. Night was coming
on too, and there were no signs of any habitations or of any shelter.  So he
fastened his horse at the foot of a tree, and climbed up himself among the
branches, and in this way passed the night.

     The next morning he came down and began to walk along the bank of the
river to see what he could find.  He was in a state of great anxiety and
distress.  Suddenly, to his great relief and joy, he came upon a small troop
of soldiers, accompanied by some officers, who had escaped across the river
from the battle as he had done.  Three of these officers were his particular
friends, and he was overjoyed to see them.  They had made their way across the
river in a boat which they had found upon the bank at the beginning of the
defeat of the army.  They had spent the whole night in the boat, being in
great danger from the shoals and shelving rocks, and from the impetuosity of
the current.  Finally, toward morning, they had landed, not far from the place
where Jalaloddin found them.

     Not long after this he came upon a troop of three hundred horsemen, who
had escaped by swimming the river at a place where the water was more smooth,
at some distance below.  These men told him that about six miles farther down
the stream there was a body of about four thousand men who had made their
escape in a similar manner.  On assembling these men, Jalaloddin found himself
once more at the head of a considerable force.

     The immediate wants of the men were, however, extremely pressing, for
they were all wholly destitute of food and of every other necessary, and
Jalaloddin would have been greatly embarrassed to provide for them had it not
been for the thoughtfulness and fidelity of one of the officers of his
household on the other side of the river.  This officer's name was
Jamalarrazad.  As soon as he found that his master had crossed the river,
knowing, too, that a great number of the troops had attempted to cross
besides, and that, in all probability, many of them had succeeded in reaching
the other bank, who would all be greatly in want of provisions and stores the
next morning, he went to work at once, during the night, and loaded a very
large boat with provisions, arms, money, and stuff to make clothing for the
soldiers.  He succeeded in getting off in this boat before his plan was
discovered by the Monguls, and in the course of the next morning he reached
the opposite bank with it, and thus furnished to Jalaloddin an abundant
provision for his immediate necessities.

     Jalaloddin was so much pleased with the conduct of Jamalarrazad in this
affair that he appointed him at once to a very high and responsible office in
his service, and gave him a new title of honor.

     In the mean time, Genghis Khan, on the other side of the river, took
possession the next morning of Jalaloddin's camp.  Of course, the family of
the sultan fell into his hands.  The emperor ordered all the males to be
killed, but he reserved the women for a different fate.  Among the persons
killed was a boy about eight years old, Jalaloddin's oldest son.

     Jalaloddin had ordered his treasure to be sunk in the river, intending,
probably, to come back and recover it at some future time.  But Genghis Khan
found out in some way where it was sunk, and he sent divers down for it, and
thus obtained possession of it as a part of his booty.

     After this, Jalaloddin remained five or six years in India, where he
joined himself and his army with some of the princes of that country, and
fought many campaigns there.  At length, when a favorable opportunity
occurred, he came back to his own country, and fought some time longer against
the Monguls there, but he never succeeded in gaining possession of any
substantial power.

     Genghis Khan continued after this for two or three years in the
Mohammedan countries of the western part of Asia, and extended his conquests
there in every direction.  It is not necessary to follow his movements in
detail.  It would only be a repetition of the same tale of rapine, plunder,
murder, and devastation.  Sometimes a city would surrender at once, when the
conqueror approached the gates, by sending out a deputation of the magistrates
and other principal inhabitants with the keys of the city, and with
magnificent presents, in hopes to appease him.  And they usually so far
succeeded in this as to put the Mongul soldiery in good humor, so that they
would content themselves with ransacking and plundering the place, leaving the
inhabitants alive.  At other times the town would attempt to resist.  The
Monguls would then build engines to batter down the walls, and to hurl great
stones over among the besieged.  In many instances there was great difficulty
in obtaining a sufficient supply of stones, on account of the alluvial
character of the ground on which the city stood.  In such cases, after the
stones found near were exhausted, the besiegers would cut down great trees
from the avenues leading to the town, or from the forests near, and, sawing
the trunk up into short lengths, would use the immense blocks thus formed as
ammunition for the engines.  These great logs of heavy wood, when thrown over
the walls, were capable of doing almost as much execution as the stones,
though, compared with a modern bomb-shell - a monstrous ball of iron, which,
after flying four or five miles from the battery, leaving on its way a fiery
train through the air, descends into a town and bursts into a thousand
fragments, which fly like iron hail in every direction around - they were very
harmless missiles.

     In sawing up the trunks of the trees into logs, and in bringing stones
for the engines, the Monguls employed the prisoners whom they had taken in war
and made slaves of.  The amount of work of this kind which was to be done at
some of the sieges was very great.  It is said that at the siege of Nishabur -
a town whose inhabitants greatly offended Genghis Khan by secretly sending
arms, provisions, and money to Jalaloddin, after they had once surrendered to
the Monguls and pretended to be friendly to them - the army of the Monguls
employed twelve hundred of these engines, all of which were made at a town at
some distance from the place besieged, and were then transported, in parts, by
the slaves, and put together by them under the walls.  While the slaves were
employed in works of this kind, they were sometimes protected by wooden
shields covered with raw hides, which were carried before them by other
slaves, to keep off and extinguish the fiery darts and arrows which were shot
at them from the wall.

     Sometimes, too, the places where the engines were set up were protected
by wooden bulwarks, which, together with the frame-work itself of the engines,
were covered with raw hides, to prevent their being set on fire by the enemy.
The number of raw hides required for this purpose was immense, and to obtain
them the Monguls slaughtered vast herds of horses and cattle which they
plundered from the enemy.

     In order to embarrass the enemy in respect to ammunition for their
engines, the people of a town, when they heard that the Monguls were coming,
used to turn out sometimes in mass, several days before, and gather up all the
stones they could find, and throw them into the river, or otherwise put them
out of the way.

     In some cases, the towns that were threatened, as has already been said,
did not attempt to resist, but submitted at once, and cast themselves on the
mercy of the conqueror.  In such cases the Mongul generals usually spared the
lives of the inhabitants, though they plundered their property.  It sometimes
happened, too, that after attempting to defend themselves for some time, the
garrison would become discouraged, and then would attempt to make some terms
or conditions with the conqueror before they surrendered.  In these cases,
however, the terms which the Monguls insisted upon were often so hard that,
rather than yield to them, the garrison would go on fighting to the end.

     In one instance there lived in a town that was to be assailed a certain
sheikh, or prince, named Kubru, who was a man of very exalted character, as
well as of high distinction.  The Mongul general whom Genghis Khan had
commissioned to take the town was his third son, Oktay.  Oktay had heard of
the fame of the sheikh, and had conceived a very high respect for him.  So he
sent a herald to the wall with a passport for the sheikh, and for ten other
persons such as he should choose, giving him free permission to leave the town
and go wherever he pleased.  But the sheikh declined the offer. Then Oktay
sent in another passport, with permission to the sheikh to take a thousand men
with him.  But he still refused.  He could not accept Oktay's bounty, he said,
unless it were extended to all the Mohammedans in the town. He was obliged to
take his lot with the rest, for he was bound to his people by ties too strong
to be easily sundered.

     So the siege went on, and at the end of it, when the town was carried,
the sheikh was slain with the rest in the streets, where he stood his ground
to the last, fighting like a lion.

     All the Mohammedan chieftains, however, did not possess so noble a spirit
as this.  One chieftain, when he found that the Monguls were coming, caused
himself to be let down with ropes from the wall in the night, and so made his
escape, leaving the town and the garrison to their fate.

     The garrisons of the towns, knowing that they had little mercy to expect
from their terrible enemies, fought often very desperately to the last, as
they would have done against beasts of prey.  They would suddenly open the
gates and rush out in large bands, provided with combustibles of all kinds and
torches, with which they would set fire to the engines of the besiegers, and
then get back again within the walls before the Monguls could recover
sufficiently from the alarm and confusion to intercept them.  In this manner
they destroyed a great many of the engines, and killed vast numbers of men.

     Still the Monguls would persevere, and, sooner or later, the place was
sure to fall.  Then, when the inhabitants found that all hope was over, they
had become so desperate in their hatred of their foes that they would
sometimes set the town on fire with their own hands, and throw themselves and
their wives and children into the flames, rather than fall into the hands of
their infuriated enemies.

     The cruelties which the Monguls perpetrated upon their unhappy victims
when, after a long resistance, they finally gained possession of a town, were
indeed dreadful.  They usually ordered all the people to come out to an open
space on the plain, and there, after taking out all the young and able-bodied
men, who could be made useful in bringing stones and setting up engines, and
other such labors, and also all the young and beautiful women, to be divided
among the army or sold as slaves, they would put the rest together in a mass,
and kill them all by shooting at them with arrows, just as if they had been
beasts surrounded in a chase, excepting that the excitement and pleasure of
shooting into such a mass of human victims, and of hearing the shrieks and
cries of their terror, was probably infinitely greater to their brutal
murderers than if it had been a herd of lions, tigers, and wolves that they
were destroying.

     It is said by the historians that in one case the number of people
ordered out upon the plain was so great that it took four days for them to
pass out and assemble at the appointed place, and that, after those who were
to be spared had been separated from the rest, the number that were left to be
slain was over one hundred thousand, as recorded by the secretaries who made
an enumeration of them.

     In another case the slaughter was so great that it took twelve days to
count the number of the dead.

     Some of the atrocities which were perpetrated upon the prisoners were
almost too horrible to be described.  In one case a woman, quite advanced in
years, begged the Monguls to spare her life, and promised that, if they would
do so, she would give them a pearl of great value.

     They asked her where the pearl was, and she said she had swallowed it.
The Monguls then immediately cut her down, and ripped her body open with their
swords to find the pearl.  They found it, and then, encouraged by this
success, and thinking it probable that other women might have attempted to
hide their jewels in the same way, they proceeded to kill and cut open a great
number of women to search for pearls in their bodies, but they found no more.

     At the siege of a certain city, called Bamiyan, a young grandson of
Genghis Khan, wishing to please his grandfather by his daring, approached so
near the wall that he was reached by an arrow shot by one of the archers, and
killed.  Genghis Khan was deeply affected by this event, and he showed by the
bitterness of his grief that, though he was so utterly heartless and cruel in
inflicting these woes upon others, he could feel for himself very acutely when
it came to his turn to suffer.  As for the mother of the child, she was
rendered perfectly furious by his death.  She thought of nothing but revenge,
and she only waited for the town to be taken in order that she might enjoy it.
When, at last, a practicable breach was made, and the soldiers began to pour
into the city, she went in with the rest, and insisted that every man, woman,
and child should be put to death.  Her special rage was directed against the
children, whom she seemed to take special pleasure in destroying, in vengeance
for the death of her own child.  The hatred and rage which she manifested
against children extended even to babes unborn, and these feelings she evinced
by atrocities too shocking to be described.

     The opinions which Genghis Khan entertained on religious subjects appear
from a conversation which he held at one time during the course of his
campaigns in Western Asia with some learned Mohammedan doctors at Bokhara,
which was the great seat at that time of science and philosophy.  He asked the
doctors what were the principles of their religion.  They replied that these
principles consisted of five fundamental points:

     1. In believing in one God, the creator of all things, and the supreme
     ruler and governor of the universe.

     2. In giving one fortieth part of their yearly income or gains to the
     poor.

     3. In praying to God five times every day.

     4. In setting apart one month in each year for fasting.

     5. In making a pilgrimage to the temple in Mecca, there to worship God.

     Genghis Khan told them that he believed himself in the first of these
articles, and he approved of the three succeeding ones.  It was very well, he
said, to give one fortieth of one's income to the poor, and to pray to God
five times a day, and to set apart a month in the year for a fast.  But as to
the last article, he could not but dissent from it entirely, for the whole
world was God's house, and it was ridiculous, he said, to imagine that one
place could really be any more fitting than another as a place for worshiping
him.

     The learned doctors were much dissatisfied with this answer.  They were,
in fact, more displeased with the dissent which the emperor expressed from
this last article, the only one that was purely and wholly ritual in its
character, than they were gratified with the concurrence which he expressed in
all the other four.  This is not at all surprising, for, from the times of the
Pharisees down to the present day, the spirit of sectarianism and bigotry in
religion always plants itself most strongly on the platform of externals.  It
is always contending strenuously for rites, while it places comparatively in
the background all that bears directly on the vital and spiritual interests of
the soul.